Different subpopulations of mild cognitive impairment are identified by using Petersen's or DSM-5 criteria

OBJECTIVES: In view of differences in the prevalence and conversion rate to dementia of Petersen's (P-MCI) and DSM-5's (DSM-5-MCI) categories of mild cognitive impairment, this paper is intended to examine the diagnostic agreement between the categories and to analyze clinical factors related to the potential discrepancies. METHOD: A representative population cohort of 4580 dementia-free individuals 55+ years of age was examined in Zaragoza, Spain (ZARADEMP). Validated Spanish versions of instruments, including the Geriatric Mental State-AGECAT, were used for assessment. Research psychiatrists diagnosed DSM-5-MCI and P-MCI following operationalized criteria. Between-category differences were analyzed, and the statistical methods included the calculation of Cohen's Kappa coefficients of agreement, and the McNemar's test to compare the performance of the intermediate cognitive definitions. RESULTS: Diagnostic concordance in the classification of MCI cases was very limited. In the total sample, 2.7% of individuals did not meet the P-MCI criteria but met the DSM-5-MCI criteria; and 6.4% met the P-MCI criteria, but not the DSM-5-MCI criteria. Overlap of both categories was observed in only 0.6%. The overall Kappa (agreement between both MCI categories) was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04-0.12; p < 0.001). While no between-category significant differences was observed in cognitive scores, relevant differences in the populations identified had to do with demographic, non-cognitive psychopathological factors, activities of daily living and general health factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows 'poor' diagnostic agreement between the P-MCI and the DSM-5-MCI categories. The non-cognitive factors should receive special attention when trying to improve the validity of the MCI construct

No disponible

Conversion to dementia in mild cognitive impairment diagnosed with DSM-5 criteria and with Petersen's criteria.

OBJECTIVE: In a background of revision of criteria for states of increased risk for progression to dementia, we compare the conversion rate to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as diagnosed using DSM-5 (DSM-5-MCI) and Petersen's (P-MCI) criteria. METHOD: A population representative cohort of 4057 dementia-free individuals 55+ years of age was followed up at 2.5 and 4.5 years in Zaragoza, Spain (ZARADEMP). Using the Geriatric Mental State- AGECAT for assessment, research psychiatrists diagnosed DSM-5-MCI and P-MCI following operationalized criteria. 'Conversion rate' (CR), 'annual conversion rate' (ACR), and incidence rate (IR) were calculated along with incidence rate ratio (IRR) to compare the performance of the intermediate cognitive definitions. RESULTS: At 4.5-year follow-up, in individuals aged 65+ years, ACRs for non-cases, P-MCI, and DSM-5-MCI were 0.8, 1.9 and 3.4, respectively, for global dementia. The IRRs were 2.9 and 5.3 for P-MCI and DSM5-MCI, respectively, being the non-cases the reference category. The corresponding values were slightly lower for AD. CONCLUSION: Conversion rate to dementia and AD was higher using DSM-5-MCI criteria than using Petersen's criteria. However, prediction of the construct still has some way to go, as most MCI individuals did not convert at 4.5-year follow-up.

Mild cognitive impairment diagnosed with the new DSM-5 criteria: prevalence and associations with non-cognitive psychopathology.

OBJECTIVE: To contrast the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria (DSM5-MCI) with MCI as diagnosed using Petersen's criteria (P-MCI) and to explore the association of both with non-cognitive psychopathological symptoms (NCPS). METHOD: A two-phase epidemiological screening was implemented in a population-based sample of individuals aged 55+ (n = 4803). The Geriatric Mental State (GMS) was the main psychopathological instrument used, and AGECAT was used to make psychiatric diagnoses. Research psychiatrists diagnosed DSM5-MCI and P-MCI using operational criteria. Logistic regression models were then used to investigate the association of MCI with anxiety and depression and with NCPS. RESULTS: Weighted prevalence of DSM5-MCI and P-MCI was, respectively, 3.72% and 7.93% for the aged 65+. NCPS were common in both MCI categories, but negative-type symptoms such as 'anergia' and 'observed slowness' were considerably more frequent among persons with DSM5-MCI. Anxiety and depression diagnostic categories were associated with both P-MCI and DSM5-MCI, but affective-type symptoms were mainly associated with P-MCI. Some negative-type symptoms were inversely associated with P-MCI, and no association was observed with DSM5-MCI. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DSM5-MCI was half that of P-MCI. Negative-type NCPS were more frequently and typically associated with DSM5-MCI.

Ventilación no invasiva en infección respiratoria aguda fuera del área de cuidado intensivo / Non-invasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory infection outside of intensive care units

Introduction: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) in children constitute a Public Health issue. They represent the main cause of admission to hospitals and ICU use throughout the winter months. The benefit of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in its treatment is not clearly defined. Objective: Describe the results of use of NIV in hospital, outside of ICU in children with severe ARIs. Patients and Methods: Population included all children < 2 y.o. with probable or confirmed viral AlRI with Tal score > 8 o > 6 without previous treatment response; all these seen between 8 June and 20 October, 2009. A management protocol was established, including monitoring and connection to NIV. A Vipap III (ResMed®) was used. Clinical characteristics and evolution of patients is described. Results: 113 patients were included, which amounted to 5.2 of all admissions for AlRI in that period. 80.5 percent (n = 91) showed a favorable evolution, with an average LOS of 76.1 hrs. The rest required conventional mechanical ventilation. No patient died. Conclusions: The use of NIV among these children is a valid and secure option. It can also be utilized outside of the ICU so long as it is limited to a restricted area, a management protocol, and trained staff.

Introducción: La infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) en niños constituye un problema de salud pública. Durante los meses de invierno representa la primera causa de ingreso hospitalario y de demanda de cuidado intensivo. El beneficio de la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en su tratamiento no ha sido claramente definido. Objetivo: Describir los resultados de la aplicación de ventilación no invasiva fuera de la unidad de cuidado intensivo a niños con infección respiratoria aguda grave. Pacientes y Método: Se incluyeron niños < 2 años con IRA de etiología viral probable o confirmada y score de Tal > 8 o > 6 sin respuesta al tratamiento previo entre 8 de junio y 20 de octubre de 2009. Se estableció un protocolo de actuación, monitorización y conexión a VNI. Se utilizo un Vipap III (ResMed®). Se describen las características clínicas y evolutivas de los pacientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 113 pacientes, el 5,2 por ciento de los ingresos hospitalarios por IRA en ese período. El 80,5 por ciento (n = 91) evolucionó favorablemente, con una estadía promedio de 76,1 horas. El resto requirió asistencia ventilatoria mecánica convencional. Ningún paciente falleció. Conclusiones: La aplicación de VNI en éste grupo de niños, constituyó una alternativa válida y segura. Su utilización puede ser extendida fuera del área de cuidado intensivo, siempre que se disponga de un área específica, protocolo de actuación y un equipo previamente capacitado.

Neurosífilis en pacientes portadores y no portadores de VIH: descripción y comparación de dos cohortes históricas / Neurosyphilis in the patients with and without HIV infection: description and comparison of two historical cohorts

Neurosyphilis follows a more aggressive and different clinical course in HIV-infected patients compared to patients with normal immunity. Two historical series of patients with a diagnosis of neurosyphilis between 1995 and 2008 were compared: they included a group of 15 patients with y and 28 patients without HIV infection. Probability of neurosyphilis in patients with positive serum VDRL was increased in patients infected with HIV comparedto HIV negative patients (OR: 62.37 IC:95 percent (32.1-119.1) p value:< 0,001). Predominant clinical manifestations in neurosyphilis in the HIV negative group were ocular abnormality, vascular encephalic and spinal cord lesions. In the HIV positive group, they were fever, ocular abnormalities and headache. There were no differences in cerebrospinal fluid characteristics between both groups. Neurosyphilis was diagnosed even in patients with blood VDRL of < 1:32, that happened in 17.8 percent of the HIV positive patients with blood and in 60 percent of t he HIV negative patients. Penicillin sodium given at dose ¡Ý than 18.000.000 IU/day IV during 14 days was the most common treatment. In patients with clinical neurosyphilis, 93 percent of HIV negative group, and 54.2 percent of HIV positive group had persistent neurological after-effects. Three HIV positive patients died due to causes not related to neurosyphilis.

[Cat-scratch disease with bone compromise: atypical manifestation]. / Enfermedad por arañazo de gato con compromiso óseo: Una forma atípica de presentación clínica.

Fever, headache, myalgias and lymphadenopathy are characteristic manifestations of cat-scratch disease but other less common findings are described in 2 to 10% of cases. We report two children that presented with hepatosplenic abscesses and bone involvement. One child, had multiple areas of increased uptake in the bone scintigram with a positive serology (IgG > 1/256, IgM slightly positive). The second child had destruction of the L2 vertebral body that compromised the channel and right foramen as visualized by MRI. In both cases, bacilli were observed in the bone biopsy by Warthing-Starry stain.

Evolución del consumo de antibióticos y de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell en la era de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina / Antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial susceptibility evolution in the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus era

Introduction: In the past few years, an increase in methicillin resistant-not multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus was observed in Uruguay among children with community acquired infections. Recommendations for empiric antibiotic treatment required adjustments and new national guidelines were recommended in July 2004. Adherence to these guidelines was indirectly performed by monitoring antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Uruguay. Objective: To describe and compare antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (PH-CHPR) between 2001 and 2006. Methods: Antibiotic consumption in hospitalized children was calculated using the Defined Daily Dose per 100 bed-days (DDD/100). Reference valúes were obtained from the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Drug Statistics Methodology of. Consumption. Data were obtained using the WinPharma programme of the Pharmacy Department of CHPR. The fraction of annual occupancy of hospital beds was obtained from the Statistic División of CHPR. Antibiotic consumption was evaluated netween 2001 and 2006 and expressed as DDD/100 and percent change. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using CHPR's Microbiology Laboratory data during the same time period. Results: After 2003 a significant increase in consumption of clindamycin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cefuroxime, vancomycin and gentamycin was observed, except for cephradine. Consumption of clindamycin, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole showed the highest increase (6.15 percent; 1.44 percent and 1.17 percent respectively). Detection of Staphylococcus aureus increased significantly mostly from skin and soft tissue infections. Oxacillin susceptibility of S aureus strains obtained from different sites had a significant and persistent decrease after 2003 (from 81 percent during year ...

Introducción: En Uruguay, Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina no multi-resistente se instaló como patógeno en las infecciones comunitarias del niño. Objetivo: Describir la evolución de la susceptibilidad in vitro de S. aureus y su relación con el consumo de antimicrobianos en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) entre 2001-2006. Metodología: Se estimó el consumo de antimicrobianos mediante el cálculo de la Dosis Diaria Definida por 100 camas-día. Los valores de referencia fueron obtenidos del Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology of World Health Organiza-tion. Los datos de consumo fueron extraídos del programa WinFarma del Dpto de Farmacia de CHPR. El porcentaje de ocupación de camas/año se obtuvo de la División de Estadísticas del CHPR. Se analizó la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de S. aureus de aislados de piel, tejidos blandos y sitios normalmente estériles. Se analizó la evolución del consumo y la susceptibilidad in vitro en el período 2001-2006. Resultados: Desde el año 2003, el consumo de clindamicina, ceftriaxona y cotrimoxazol aumentó y la susceptibilidad a oxacilina disminuyó significativamente. Entre 2004 y 2006 el "efecto D" disminuyó su frecuencia desde 28 a 21 por ciento. No se observaron diferencias en el patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en función del sitio de aislamiento. Conclusiones: Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina no multi-resistente se ha introducido en forma significativa como un patógeno causante de infecciones en la comunidad en niños uruguayos. La vigilancia del consumo de antimicrobianos y de la epidemiología local es indispensable para actualizar las guías de antibioterapia empírica.

Enfermedad por arañazo de gato con compromiso óseo: una forma atípica de presentación clínica / Cat-scratch disease with bone compromise: atypical manifestation

Fever, headache, myalgias and lymphadenopathy are characteristic manifestations of cat-scratch disease but other less common findings are described in 2 to 10 percent of cases. We report two children that presented with hepatosplenic abscesses and bone involvement. One child, had múltiple áreas of increased uptake in the bone scintigram with a positive serology (IgG > 1/256, IgM slightly positive). The second child had destruction of the L2 vertebral body that compromised the channel and right foramen as visualized by MRI. In both cases, bacilli were observed in the bone biopsy by Warthing-Starry stain.

Las manifestaciones clínicas clásicas de la enfermedad por arañazo de gato (EAG) incluyen fiebre, cefaleas, mial-gias y adenopatía regional satélite al sitio de inoculación. En 5 a s 25 por ciento de los casos se describen formas atípicas con compromiso sistémico. Se comunican dos casos de niños que ingresan por fiebre prolongada con abscesos hepato-esplénicos Ambos agregan compromiso óseo. En el primero, el cintigrama óseo mostró múltiples zonas de hipercaptación y la serología específica para Bartonella henselae fue positiva (IgG > 1/256, IgM positiva débil). En el segundo, la resonancia magnética mostró proceso sustitutivo del cuerpo de L2 con compromiso de canal y foramen derecho, con indemnidad de los discos interverte-brales. En ambos casos, en la biopsia ósea se identificaron bacilos con tinción de Warthin-Starry. Se jerarquiza la búsqueda de esta etiología en niños inmunocompetentes que se presentan con fiebre prolongada y manifestaciones atípicas.

[Etiology of community acquired pneumonia in inpatients children. Uruguay 1998-2004]. / Etiología de la neumonía bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad en niños hospitalizados. Uruguay 1998-2004.

Community acquired bacterial pneumonia represents 8.7% of overall discharges of children under 15 years old in the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell; since 1997 treatment guidelines are being applied. Changes in etiology of this disease in children hospitalized in our institution from 1998 to 2004 were studied. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent agent in every year of the period, 91.4 +/- 2.3%; its susceptibility to penicillin has remained stable; serotypes 14, 1 and 5 were the most frequent isolated. In 2002 the first case of community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus was identified; isolations of this microorganism were 5.8% in 2003 and 6.3% in 2004. Surveillance of etiology of community acquired pneumonia is mandatory in order to adjust guidelines to changes in agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility.

Etiología de la neumonía bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad en niños hospitalizados: Uruguay 1998-2004 / Etiology of community acquired pneumonia in inpatients children: Uruguay 1998-2004

La neumonía bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad representa en promedio 8,7 por ciento de los egresos de niños bajo 15 años de edad asistidos en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell; desde 1997 se aplican guías para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se estudió la evolución de la etiología de esta enfermedad en los niños hospitalizados en dicho hospital en el período 1998-2004. Streptococcus pneumoniae fue el agente más frecuente todos los años, 91,4 ± 2,3 por ciento. Su susceptibilidad a penicilina permaneció sin cambios; los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: 14, 1 y 5. En el año 2002 se identificó el primer caso de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina adquirido en comunidad; este agente representó 5,8 por ciento de los aislados en 2003 y 6,3 por ciento en 2004. Es necesario mantener la vigilancia de la etiología de la neumonía bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad para adecuar las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento a los cambios en los agentes y su susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos.

Community acquired bacterial pneumonia represents 8.7 percent of overall discharges of children under 15 years old in the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell; since 1997 treatment guidelines are being applied. Changes in etiology of this disease in children hospitalized in our institution from 1998 to 2004 were studied. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent agent in every year of the period, 91.4 ± 2.3 percent; its susceptibility to penicillin has remained stable; serotypes 14, 1 and 5 were the most frequent isolated. In 2002 the first case of community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus was identified; isolations of this microorganism were 5.8 percent in 2003 and 6.3 percent in 2004. Surveillance of etiology of community acquired pneumonia is mandatory in order to adjust guidelines to changes in agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility.

Factores de riesgo de empiema pleural en niños uruguayos menores de 5 años / Risk factors for pleural empyema in children under 5 years, in Uruguay

En Uruguay las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas son una importante causa de morbimortalidad. El empiema paraneumónico ha alcanzado cifras del 15% de los ingresos por neumonía en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo de desarrollo de empiema en niños menores de 5 años que requieren ingreso hospitalario por diagnóstico de neumonía. Hipótesis: El retardo en el diagnóstico aumenta al menos 2 veces el riesgo de desarrollar empiema en menores de 5 años que requieren ingreso hospitalario por neumonía. Como hipótesis secundarias, las visitas reiteradas y el uso previo de antibióticos lo aumentan también. Método: Estudio observacional, prospectivo de una cohorte de niños menores de 5 años hospitalizados en el CHPR por neumonía. Interrogatorio a padres de síntomas de interés y exposición a factores. Registro de edad, sexo, estado nutricional, edad gestacional y peso al nacer. Los pacientes fueron seguidos hasta el alta hospitalaria. Resultados: Se siguieron 201 niños; 104 se presentaron con retardo en el diagnóstico, 152 con consultas reiteradas y 36 con uso previo de antibióticos; 70 niños desarrollaron empiema. El retardo en el diagnóstico se asoció a un aumento en el desarrollo de empiema de 1,9 veces (IC95% 1,3-2,9). Ni las consultas reiteradas ni el uso previo de antibióticos se comportaron como factores de riesgo. Conclusión: El retardo en el diagnóstico de neumonía aumenta hasta 2,9 veces el riesgo de desarrollar empiema en niños menores de 5 años con criterio de hospitalización en el CHPR. Las consultas reiteradas y el uso previo de antibióticos no lo aumentan. El reconocimiento precoz de los signos de neumonía podría disminuir esta complicación.

Lower respiratory infectious diseases are an important cause of morbidity-mortality in Uruguay. The parapneumonic empyema occurred in 15% of admissions for pneumonia at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Centre (PRHC). Objective: To identify risk factors for pleural empyema in children aged between 1 month and 5 years with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to hospital. Hypothesis: The delay in diagnosis increases the risk of pleural empyema two-fold. Secondary hypothesis, previous medical visits and use of antibiotics increase the risk of empyema. Methods: An observational, prospective cohort study was carried out on children admitted to the PRHC with a diagnosis of CAP. Symptoms duration, antibiotic use and previous medical visits were noted, and patients followed up until discharge. Results: Of 201 children, 104 had a delayed diagnosis of CAP, 152 were repeated seen, and 36 had previous antibiotics. 70 developed pleural empyema. The delayed diagnosis increased the risk of empyema by 1,9 (CI 95% 1,3-2,9). Previous medical visits or the use of antibiotics increased the risk. Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis of CAP increased the risk of empyema by as much as 2,9 times normal. The early appreciation of these signs and symptoms may decrease the risk of this complication.